University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center

AAFP Chronic Pain Management Toolkit

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Chronic pain is common in the U.S., with anywhere from 11% to 40% of the adult population reporting daily pain.1 Approximately one-third of patients experiencing pain receive a pain medication.2 While the number of prescriptions for pain management have declined in recent years3, opioid misuse remains a significant public health crisis. Roughly 21-29% of patients who are prescribed opioids for chronic pain will misuse them.4

This increase leads to a rise in opioid overdoses—at least half are attributed to prescription medications—and morbidity and mortality. Numerous groups—including the AAFP, other medical societies, the National Academy of Medicine and the U.S. Congress—are emphasizing the need to improve chronic pain care.

Keywords

RISEOK opioids chronic pain pain management Opiate Overdose

Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review

Author/s:

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

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Not available

Keywords

pain management

Association of Therapies With Reduced Pain and Improved Quality of Life in Patients With Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Author/s:

Mascarenhas, Rodrigo O., Souza, Mateus B., Oliveira, Murilo X., Lacerda, Ana C., Mendonca, Vanessa A., Henschke, Nicholas, Oliveira, Vinicius C.

Importance: Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that results in a significant burden to individuals and society.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of therapies for reducing pain and improving quality of life (QOL) in people with fibromyalgia.

Data sources: Searches were performed in the MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, AMED, PsycInfo, and PEDro databases without language or date restrictions on December 11, 2018, and updated on July 15, 2020.

Study selection: All published randomized or quasi-randomized clinical trials that investigated therapies for individuals with fibromyalgia were screened for inclusion.

Data extraction and synthesis: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the 0 to 10 PEDro scale. Effect sizes for specific therapies were pooled using random-effects models. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment (GRADE) approach.

Main outcomes and measures: Pain intensity measured by the visual analog scale, numerical rating scales, and other valid instruments and QOL measured by the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire.

Results: A total of 224 trials including 29 962 participants were included. High-quality evidence was found in favor of cognitive behavioral therapy (weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.9; 95% CI, -1.4 to -0.3) for pain in the short term and was found in favor of central nervous system depressants (WMD, -1.2 [95% CI, -1.6 to -0.8]) and antidepressants (WMD, -0.5 [95% CI, -0.7 to -0.4]) for pain in the medium term. There was also high-quality evidence in favor of antidepressants (WMD, -6.8 [95% CI, -8.5 to -5.2]) for QOL in the short term and in favor of central nervous system depressants (WMD, -8.7 [95% CI, -11.3 to -6.0]) and antidepressants (WMD, -3.5 [95% CI, -4.5 to -2.5]) in the medium term. However, these associations were small and did not exceed the minimum clinically important change (2 points on an 11-point scale for pain and 14 points on a 101-point scale for QOL). Evidence for long-term outcomes of interventions was lacking.

Conclusions and relevance: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that most of the currently available therapies for the management of fibromyalgia are not supported by high-quality evidence. Some therapies may reduce pain and improve QOL in the short to medium term, although the effect size of the associations might not be clinically important to patients.

Keywords

Fibromyalgia quality of life cognitive behavioral therapy pain management

Best Practices, Research Gaps, and Future Priorities to Support Tapering Patients on Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in Outpatient Settings

Author/s:

Rich, Robert, Mariano, Edward R., Dopp, Anna Legreid, Sullenger, Rebecca, Burstin, Helen

Not available.

Keywords

Tapering Long-term Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain: Evidence and Recommendations for Everyday Practice

Author/s:

Berna, Chantal, Kulich, Ronald J., Rathmell, James P.

Increasing concern about the risks and limited evidence supporting the therapeutic benefit of long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain are leading prescribers to consider discontinuing the use of opioids. In addition to overt addiction or diversion, the presence of adverse effects, diminishing analgesia, reduced function and quality of life, or the absence of progress toward functional goals can justify an attempt at weaning patients from long-termopioid therapy. However, discontinuing opioid therapy is often hindered by patients' psychiatric comorbidities and poor coping skills, as well as the lack of formal guidelines for the prescribers. The aim of this article is to review the existing literature and formulate recommendations for practitioners aiming to discontinue long-term opioid therapy. Specifically, this review aims to answer the following questions: What is an optimal opioid tapering regimen? How can the risks involved in a taper be managed? What are the alternatives to an opioid taper? A PubMed literature search was conducted using the keywords chronic pain combined with opioidwithdrawal, taper, wean and detoxification. Six hundred ninety-five documents were identified and screened; 117 were deemed directly relevant and are included. On the base of this literature review, this article proposes evidence-based recommendations and expert-based suggestions for clinical practice. Furthermore, areas of lack of evidence are identified, providing opportunities for further research.

Keywords

opiods taper pain management

Pain and Opioid Management in Primary Care

Author/s:

National Resource Center for Academic Detailing

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Oklahoma ranked 5th nationally in rates of opioid prescribing in 2016, with 97.9 opioid prescriptions per 100 people. Opioids account for the majority of prescription drug-related overdose deaths. Despite recent declines, deaths from opioids remain common.

Keywords

opioids pain management

Confronting Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic: Balancing Societal and Individual Benefits and Risks of Prescription Opioid Use

Author/s:

Ford, Morgan A., Phillips, Jonathan K., Bonnie, Richard J.

The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two substantial public health challenges—reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can result from the use of opioid medications. In March 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the National Academies) to convene an ad hoc committee to

• update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education since publication of the 2011 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research, including the evolving role of opioids in pain management;

• characterize the epidemiology of the opioid epidemic and the evidence on strategies for addressing it;

• identify actions the FDA and other organizations can take to respond to the epidemic, with a particular focus on the FDA’s development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring; and

• identify research questions that need to be addressed to assist the FDA in implementing this framework.

Keywords

opioids pain management chronic pain public health

pain management

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