COVID-19

COVID-19* / prevention & control

Guillain-Barre Syndrome / epidemiology

Hospitalization / statistics & numerical data

Vaccine Efficacy* / statistics & numerical data

An updated summary of the effectiveness data for influenza, COVID, and RSV vaccines. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Background: Changes in the vaccine advisory process in the United States have disrupted immunization guidance, which reinforces the need for independent evidence review to inform decisions regarding immunization for respiratory viruses during the 2025-2026 season.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review of U.S.-licensed immunizations against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza. We searched databases on PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science for updates of the most recent review by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Evidence-to-Recommendations for each disease, which was performed during the 2023-2024 period. Outcomes included vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against hospitalization, other clinical end points, and safety.

Results: Of 17,263 identified references, 511 studies met the inclusion criteria. Covid-19 mRNA vaccines against the XBB.1.5 subvariant had pooled vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization of 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34 to 55; from cohort studies) and 50% (95% CI, 43 to 57; from case-control studies) among adults and 37% (95% CI, 29 to 44) among immunocompromised adults. In a case-control study, vaccines against the KP.2 subvariant showed an effectiveness of 68% (95% CI, 42 to 82). Maternal RSV vaccination (for infant protection), nirsevimab for infants, and RSV vaccines in adults who were 60 years of age or older showed vaccine effectiveness of 68% or more against hospitalization. Influenza vaccination had a pooled vaccine effectiveness of 48% (95% CI, 39 to 55) in adults between the ages of 18 and 64 years and 67% (95% CI, 58 to 75) in children against hospitalization. Safety profiles were consistent with previous evaluations. The diagnosis of myocarditis associated with Covid-19 vaccines occurred at rates of 1.3 to 3.1 per 100,000 doses in male adolescents, with lower risk associated with longer dosing intervals. The RSVpreF vaccine was associated with 18.2 excess cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome per million doses in older adults; a significant association with preterm birth was not observed when the vaccine was administered at 32 to 36 weeks' gestation.

Conclusions: Ongoing peer-reviewed evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of immunizations against Covid-19, RSV, and influenza during the 2025-2026 season. (Funded by the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy and the Alumbra Innovations Foundation.).

Author/s:

Michael S. Abers, Jake Scott, Harleen K. Marwah, Nicole C. McCann, Eric A. Meyerowitz, Aaron Richterman, Derek F. Fleming, Caitlin M. Dugdale

The 2024 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Long COVID Definition: What Clinicians Need to Know

Megan George — Wed, 06 Aug 2025 22:16:16 +0000

Date Added:

August 6, 2025

Journal/Publication:

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Publication Date:

March 10, 2025

URL:

The 2024 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Long COVID Definition: What Clinicians Need to Know

Type:

Public Health Announcements

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1007/s11606-025-09415-8

Keywords

post-acute sequelae of COVID-19

Long COVID

PMID (1):

40063321

MeSH

COVID-19* / complications

COVID-19* / diagnosis

COVID-19* / therapy

chronic disease

Humans

National Academies of Science

Engineering

and Medicine

U.S.

Health and Medicine Division*

post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

United States/epidemiology

A definition of long-COVID from the National Academy of Medicine. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Millions of Americans affected by Long COVID (LC) report difficulty accessing care and support. One barrier is obtaining a diagnosis. In response, US federal agencies commissioned a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) committee to re-examine the existing federal definitions for LC. The Committee concluded that LC is "an infection-associated chronic condition (IACC) occurring after SARS-CoV-2 infection that is present for at least 3 months as a continuous, relapsing and remitting, or progressive disease state that can present as singular or multiple symptoms and/or diagnosable conditions." The full report was released in June 2024. We briefly highlight features and aspects of the definition that may help clinicians identify those who remain undiagnosed and improve care for all LC patients.

Author/s:

Lily Chu, Karyn Bishof, Abigail A Dumes, E Wesley Ely, Paule V Joseph, Andrea B Troxel

Long COVID in Young Children, School-Aged Children, and Teens

Hope Smashey — Tue, 08 Jul 2025 16:31:55 +0000

Date Added:

July 8, 2025

Journal/Publication:

JAMA Pediatrics

Publication Date:

May 27, 2025

URL:

Long COVID in Young Children, School-Aged Children, and Teens

Type:

Patient Education Materials

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.1415

Keywords

PMID (1):

40423990

MeSH

post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

child

Information for parents about Long COVID Syndrome in children. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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This JAMA Pediatrics Patient Page describes the symptoms of long COVID in children.

Author/s:

Rachel S Gross, Megan Carmilani, Melissa S Stockwell

An Evidence-Based Approach to Covid-19 Vaccination

Alex Haga — Tue, 27 May 2025 13:16:39 +0000

Date Added:

May 27, 2025

Journal/Publication:

NEJM

Publication Date:

May 20, 2025

URL:

An Evidence-Based Approach to Covid-19 Vaccination

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1056/NEJMsb2506929

Keywords

vaccination

Policy

PMID (1):

40392534

MeSH

Personal protective effect of wearing surgical face masks in public spaces on self-reported respiratory symptoms in adults: pragmatic randomised superiority trial

vaccination

Policy

An evidence-based review and recommendations regarding COVID vaccination. James W. Mold, MPH

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No abstract available.

Author/s:

Vinay Prasad, Martin A Makary

Personal protective effect of wearing surgical face masks in public spaces on self-reported respiratory symptoms in adults: pragmatic randomised superiority trial

Erin Blanchette — Mon, 26 Aug 2024 15:29:19 +0000

Date Added:

August 26, 2024

Journal/Publication:

BMJ

Publisher:

BMJ Publishing Group

Publication Date:

July 24, 2024

Volume:

386

Pages:

e078918

URL:

Type:

Clinical Research Results

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1136/bmj-2023-078918

Keywords

respiratory tract infections

PMID (1):

39048132

MeSH

Betacoronavirus

respiratory tract infections

masks

Coronavirus Infections

Olgotrelvir as a Single-Agent Treatment of Nonhospitalized Patients with Covid-19

Advising high-risk patients to wear facial masks when out in public appears to make some sense. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Objective: To evaluate the personal protective effects of wearing versus not wearing surgical face masks in public spaces on self-reported respiratory symptoms over a 14 day period.

Design: Pragmatic randomised superiority trial.

Setting: Norway.

Participants: 4647 adults aged ≥18 years: 2371 were assigned to the intervention arm and 2276 to the control arm.

Interventions: Participants in the intervention arm were assigned to wear a surgical face mask in public spaces (eg, shopping centres, streets, public transport) over a 14 day period (mask wearing at home or work was not mentioned). Participants in the control arm were assigned to not wear a surgical face mask in public places.

Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was self-reported respiratory symptoms consistent with a respiratory infection. Secondary outcomes included self-reported and registered covid-19 infection.

Results: Between 10 February 2023 and 27 April 2023, 4647 participants were randomised of whom 4575 (2788 women (60.9%); mean age 51.0 (standard deviation 15.0) years) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis: 2313 (50.6%) in the intervention arm and 2262 (49.4%) in the control arm. 163 events (8.9%) of self-reported symptoms consistent with respiratory infection were reported in the intervention arm and 239 (12.2%) in the control arm. The marginal odds ratio was 0.71 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58 to 0.87; P=0.001) favouring the face mask intervention. The absolute risk difference was -3.2% (95% CI -5.2% to -1.3%; P<0.001). No statistically significant effect was found on self- reported (marginal odds ratio 1.07, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.98; P=0.82) or registered covid-19 infection (effect estimate and 95% CI not estimable owing to lack of events in the intervention arm).

Conclusion: Wearing a surgical face mask in public spaces over 14 days reduces the risk of self-reported symptoms consistent with a respiratory infection, compared with not wearing a surgical face mask.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05690516.

Author/s:

Runar Barstad Solberg, Atle Fretheim, Ingeborg Hess Elgersma, Mette Fagernes, Bjørn Gunnar Iversen, Lars G Hemkens, Christopher James Rose, Petter Elstrøm

Olgotrelvir as a Single-Agent Treatment of Nonhospitalized Patients with Covid-19

Alex Haga — Sun, 16 Jun 2024 18:56:52 +0000

Date Added:

June 16, 2024

Journal/Publication:

NEJM Evidence

Publication Date:

May 28, 2024

Issue:

Volume:

URL:

Type:

Clinical Research Results

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1056/EVIDoa2400026

Keywords

Antiviral

oral

PMID (1):

38804790

MeSH

COVID-19 Drug Treatment

Antiviral Agents* / administration & dosage

Antiviral Agents* / adverse effects

Antiviral Agents* / therapeutic use

Olgotrelvir (Ovydso) is an oral antiviral that can reduce the severity and duration of COVID-19 infections in outpatients. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Background: Olgotrelvir is an oral antiviral with dual mechanisms of action targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease (i.e., Mpro) and human cathepsin L. It has potential to serve as a single-agent treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19).

Methods: We conducted a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of olgotrelvir in 1212 nonhospitalized adult participants with mild to moderate Covid-19, irrespective of risk factors, who were randomly assigned to receive orally either 600 mg of olgotrelvir or placebo twice daily for 5 days. The primary and key secondary end points were time to sustained recovery of a panel of 11 Covid-19-related symptoms and the viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) load. The safety end point was incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events.

Results: The baseline characteristics of 1212 participants were similar in the two groups. In the modified intention-to-treat population (567 patients in the placebo group and 558 in the olgotrelvir group), the median time to symptom recovery was 205 hours in the olgotrelvir group versus 264 hours in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 1.46; P<0.001). The least squares mean (95% CI) changes of viral RNA load from baseline were -2.20 (-2.59 to -1.81) log10 copies/ml in olgotrelvir-treated participants and -1.40 (-1.79 to -1.01) in participants receiving placebo at day 4. Skin rash (3.3%) and nausea (1.5%) were more frequent in the olgotrelvir group than in the placebo group; there were no treatment-related serious adverse events, and no deaths were reported.

Conclusions: Olgotrelvir as a single-agent treatment significantly improved symptom recovery. Adverse effects were not dose limiting. (Funded by Sorrento Therapeutics, a parent company of ACEA Therapeutics; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05716425.).

Author/s:

Rongmeng Jiang, Bing Han, Wanhong Xu, Xiaoying Zhang, Chunxian Peng, Qiang Dang, Wei Sun, Ling Lin

Tilt Table Testing

Alex Haga — Tue, 23 Apr 2024 17:41:24 +0000

Date Added:

April 23, 2024

Journal/Publication:

JAMA

Publisher:

JAMA

Publication Date:

April 11, 2024

URL:

Tilt Table Testing

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2024.0004

Keywords

PMID (1):

38602671

MeSH

hydrocortisone

Methacholine Chloride

A summary and example of how to use tilt table testing in patients with syncope and various other fairly common symptoms. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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A 43-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of recurring symptoms of sudden onset of fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, chest pain, lightheadedness, and nausea that were associated with standing and resolved with sitting. These symptoms began 1 month after mild COVID-19 infection. At presentation, while supine, blood pressure (BP) was 123/70 mm Hg and heart rate (HR) was 90/min; while seated, BP was 120/80 and HR was 93/min; after standing for 1 minute, BP was 124/80 and HR was 119/min. Physical examination results were normal. Oxygen saturation was 98% at rest while breathing room air. She had no oxygen desaturation during a 6-minute walk test but walked only 282 m (45% predicted). Complete blood cell count, morning cortisol, and thyrotropin blood levels were normal. Electrocardiogram (ECG), chest computed tomography, pulmonary function testing, methacholine challenge, bronchoscopy, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization findings were normal. During tilt table testing, the patient experienced lightheadedness and nausea when moved from horizontal to the upright position. Results of the tilt table test are shown in the Table and Figure.

Author/s:

Chesire, W.P., Dudenkov, D.V., Munipalli, B.

Tilt Table Testing

Alex Haga — Tue, 23 Apr 2024 17:40:59 +0000

Date Added:

April 23, 2024

Journal/Publication:

JAMA

Publisher:

JAMA

Publication Date:

April 11, 2024

URL:

Tilt Table Testing

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2024.0004

Keywords

PMID (1):

38602671

MeSH

hydrocortisone

Methacholine Chloride

Outpatient randomized controlled trials to reduce COVID-19 hospitalization: Systematic review and meta-analysis

A summary and example of how to use tilt table testing in patients with syncope and various other fairly common symptoms. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Author/s:

Chesire, W.P., Dudenkov, D.V., Munipalli, B.

Outpatient randomized controlled trials to reduce COVID-19 hospitalization: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Linda Fowler — Thu, 18 Jan 2024 18:39:33 +0000

Date Added:

January 18, 2024

Journal/Publication:

Journal of Medical Virology

Publisher:

Wiley Online Library

Publication Date:

December 17, 2023

Issue:

Volume:

URL:

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1002/jmv.29310

Keywords

randomized controlled trial

small molecule antivirals

PMID (1):

38105461

MeSH

Antibodies, Monoclonal / therapeutic use

Antiviral Agents / therapeutic use

COVID-19 Serotherapy

COVID-19* / therapy

outpatients

Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

hospitalization

Humans

A comparison of the impact of various treatments for COVID-19 on rates of hospitalizations. Figure 5 provides the best summary. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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This COVID-19 outpatient randomized controlled trials (RCTs) systematic review compares hospitalization outcomes amongst four treatment classes over pandemic period, geography, variants, and vaccine status. Outpatient RCTs with hospitalization endpoint were identified in Pubmed searches through May 2023, excluding RCTs <30 participants (PROSPERO-CRD42022369181). Risk of bias was extracted from COVID-19-NMA, with odds ratio utilized for pooled comparison. Searches identified 281 studies with 61 published RCTs for 33 diverse interventions analyzed. RCTs were largely unvaccinated cohorts with at least one COVID-19 hospitalization risk factor. Grouping by class, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (OR = 0.31 [95% CI = 0.24-0.40]) had highest hospital reduction efficacy, followed by COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) (OR = 0.69 [95% CI = 0.53-0.90]), small molecule antivirals (OR = 0.78 [95% CI = 0.48-1.33]), and repurposed drugs (OR = 0.82 [95% CI: 0.72-0.93]). Earlier in disease onset interventions performed better than later. This meta-analysis allows approximate head-to-head comparisons of diverse outpatient interventions. Omicron sublineages (XBB and BQ.1.1) are resistant to mAbs Despite trial heterogeneity, this pooled comparison by intervention class indicated oral antivirals are the preferred outpatient treatment where available, but intravenous interventions from convalescent plasma to remdesivir are also effective and necessary in constrained medical resource settings or for acute and chronic COVID-19 in the immunocompromised.

Author/s:

Daniele Focosi, David J. Sullivan, Daniel F. Hanley, Mario Cruciani, Massimo Franchini, Jiangda Ou, Arturo Casadevall, Nigel Paneth

Nirmatrelvir or Molnupiravir Use and Severe Outcomes From Omicron Infections

Rowan Hutchins — Wed, 04 Oct 2023 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

October 4, 2023

Journal/Publication:

JAMA Network Open

Publisher:

AMA

Publication Date:

September 21, 2023

Issue:

Volume:

URL:

Nirmatrelvir or Molnupiravir Use and Severe Outcomes From Omicron Infections

Type:

Clinical Research Results

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.35077

Keywords

PMID (1):

37733342

MeSH

Outpatient Treatment for COVID-19

COVID-19 Vaccines

COVID-19 Drug Treatment

High risk outpatients with COVID (omicron type) appear to benefit from either molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Question: What outcomes are associated with ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir or molnupiravir use for outpatient treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, particularly BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5, in high-risk individuals?

Findings: In a cohort study of 68 867 patients who received a diagnosis of COVID-19 at Cleveland Clinic from April 1, 2022, to February 20, 2023, and who were at high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19, both nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir use were significantly associated with reductions in hospitalization and death. The association was observed across subgroups defined by age, race and ethnicity, date of diagnosis, vaccination status, previous infection status, and coexisting conditions.

Meaning: These findings suggest that both nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir can be used to treat nonhospitalized patients who are at high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19.

Author/s:

Lin, Dan-Yu, Huang, Shuaiqi, Abi Fadel, Francois

Outpatient Treatment for COVID-19

Rowan Hutchins — Wed, 27 Sep 2023 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

September 27, 2023

Journal/Publication:

JAMA

Publisher:

AMA

Publication Date:

August 16, 2023

URL:

Type:

Patient Education Materials

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2023.16666

Keywords

outpatient

PMID (1):

37585210

MeSH

Evaluation of Waning of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immunity

outpatients

Ritonavir

Information for patients about outpatient treatment options for COVID-19. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Outpatient Treatment for COVID-19

Author/s:

Raglow, Zoe, Malani, Preeti N., Petty, Lindsey A.

Evaluation of Waning of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immunity

Rowan Hutchins — Tue, 06 Jun 2023 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

June 6, 2023

Journal/Publication:

JAMA Netw Open

Publisher:

American Medical Association

Publication Date:

May 3, 2023

Issue:

Volume:

URL:

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.10650

Keywords

COVID-19 vaccine

'Vaccination

PMID (1):

37133863

MeSH

COVID-19* / prevention & control

COVID-19 Vaccines

Dynamics of Naturally-Acquired Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 in Children and Adolescents

It looks like the COVID vaccines protect about as long as flu vaccines, 6 months for primary immunization, 9 months for the booster. Sounds like we will be getting one each year. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Importance Estimates of the rate of waning of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 are key to assess population levels of protection and future needs for booster doses to face the resurgence of epidemic waves.

Objective To quantify the progressive waning of VE associated with the Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 by number of received doses.

Data Sources PubMed and Web of Science were searched from the databases’ inception to October 19, 2022, as well as reference lists of eligible articles. Preprints were included.

Study Selection Selected studies for this systematic review and meta-analysis were original articles reporting estimates of VE over time against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic disease.

Data Extraction and Synthesis Estimates of VE at different time points from vaccination were retrieved from original studies. A secondary data analysis was performed to project VE at any time from last dose administration, improving the comparability across different studies and between the 2 considered variants. Pooled estimates were obtained from random-effects meta-analysis.

Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes were VE against laboratory-confirmed Omicron or Delta infection and symptomatic disease and half-life and waning rate associated with vaccine-induced protection.

Results A total of 799 original articles and 149 reviews published in peer-reviewed journals and 35 preprints were identified. Of these, 40 studies were included in the analysis. Pooled estimates of VE of a primary vaccination cycle against laboratory-confirmed Omicron infection and symptomatic disease were both lower than 20% at 6 months from last dose administration. Booster doses restored VE to levels comparable to those acquired soon after the administration of the primary cycle. However, 9 months after booster administration, VE against Omicron was lower than 30% against laboratory-confirmed infection and symptomatic disease. The half-life of VE against symptomatic infection was estimated to be 87 days (95% CI, 67-129 days) for Omicron compared with 316 days (95% CI, 240-470 days) for Delta. Similar waning rates of VE were found for different age segments of the population.

Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against laboratory-confirmed Omicron or Delta infection and symptomatic disease rapidly wanes over time after the primary vaccination cycle and booster dose. These results can inform the design of appropriate targets and timing for future vaccination programs.

Author/s:

Menegale, Francesco, Manica, Mattia, Zardini, Agnese, Guzzetta, Giorgio, Marziano, Valentina, d'Andrea, Valeria, Trentini, Filippo, Ajelli, Marco, Poletti, Piero, Merler, Stefano

Dynamics of Naturally-Acquired Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 in Children and Adolescents

Aubrey Delammermore — Sat, 04 Mar 2023 06:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

March 4, 2023

Journal/Publication:

The Journal of Pediatrics

Publisher:

Elsevier

Publication Date:

March 2, 2023

URL:

Type:

Clinical Research Results

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.02.016

Keywords

naturally aquired immunity

waning immunity

infection-induced immunity

MeSH

retrospective studies

Children and adolescents appear to develop long-lasting immunity after natural infection with COVID-19. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Background
To evaluate the duration of protection against reinfection conferred by a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents.
Methods
We applied two complementary approaches: a matched test-negative, case-control design and a retrospective cohort design. 458,959 unvaccinated individuals aged 5-18 years were included. Analyses focused on July 1 to December 13, 2021, a period of Delta variant dominance in Israel. We evaluated three SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes: documented PCR confirmed infection or reinfection, symptomatic infection or reinfection, and SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalization or death.
Findings
Overall, children and adolescents who were previously infected acquired durable protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 for at least 18 months. Importantly, no SARS-CoV-2-related deaths were recorded in either the SARS-CoV-2 naïve group or the previously infected group. Effectiveness of naturally-acquired immunity against a recurrent infection reached 89.2% (95% CI: 84.7%-92.4%) three to six months after first infection, mildly declining to 82.5% (95% CI, 79.1%-85.3%) 9-12 months after infection, with a slight non-significant waning trend up to 18 months after infection. Additionally, we found that ages 5-11 years exhibited no significant waning of naturally acquired protection throughout the outcome period, whereas waning protection in the 12-18 year-old age group was more prominent, but still mild.
Interpretation
Children and adolescents who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 remain protected to a high degree for 18 months. Further research is needed to examine naturally-acquired immunity against Omicron and newer emerging variants.

Author/s:

Patalon, T., Saciuk, Y., Perez, G., Peretz, A., Ben-Tov, A., Gazit, S.

Management of chronic respiratory diseases during viral pandemics: A concise review of guidance and recommendations

Aubrey Delammermore — Sat, 07 Jan 2023 06:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

January 7, 2023

Journal/Publication:

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

Publisher:

Wolters Kluwer

Publication Date:

November 1, 2022

Issue:

Volume:

Pages:

6633-6639

URL:

Management of chronic respiratory diseases during viral pandemics: A concise review of guidance and recommendations

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_974_21

Keywords

asthma

interstitial lung disease

MeSH

Respiration Disorders

pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive