Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

Lead poisoning usually causes no immediate symptoms, but over time, lead causes damage to developing brains, so children exposed to lead (even at low levels) can have slowed growth and development and problems with learning, behavior, hearing, and speech that may be permanent. Adults with lead poisoning are at increased risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, decline in cognitive function, anxiety, depression, and death.

Author/s:

Walter, Walter, Kristin

A Hitchhiker's Guide to Worldwide COVID-19 Vaccinations: A Detailed Review of Monovalent and Bivalent Vaccine Schedules, COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects, and Effectiveness Against Omicron and Delta Variants

Aubrey Delammermore — Sun, 09 Oct 2022 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

October 9, 2022

Journal/Publication:

Cureus

Publisher:

Cureus

Publication Date:

October 2, 2022

Issue:

Volume:

URL:

A Hitchhiker's Guide to Worldwide COVID-19 Vaccinations: A Detailed Review of Monovalent and Bivalent Vaccine Schedules, COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects, and Effectiveness Against Omicron and Delta Variants

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.7759/cureus.29837

Keywords

Cost-Benefit Analysis

PMID (1):

36204257

MeSH

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

delivery of health care

A summary of recommended dosing intervals and effectiveness of currently available COVID-19 vaccines. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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For the primary prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there are currently four different vaccines available in the USA. These are Pfizer (messenger RNA [mRNA]), Moderna (mRNA), Novavax (recombinant protein), and Jansen/Johnson & Johnson (adenoviral vector). All individuals should get vaccinated, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has provided comprehensive guidelines on recommended doses, their frequency by age group, and vaccine types, all discussed in detail in this article. Vaccines are a critical and cost-effective tool for preventing the disease. Prior to receiving a vaccine, patients should get adequate counseling regarding any potential adverse effects post vaccination. Appropriate safety precautions must be taken for those more likely to experience adverse consequences. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the symptoms, indicators, and treatment of any adverse event post-vaccination. We have provided a comprehensive review of the different characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States, including their effectiveness against various variants, adverse effects, and precautions necessary for healthcare professionals and the general population. This article also briefly covers COVID-19 vaccines available worldwide, specifically their mode of action and effectiveness.

Author/s:

Goyal, L., Zapata, M., Ajmera, K., Churasia, P., Pandit, R., Pandit, T.

Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021-22 Influenza Season

Bethie Seay — Thu, 26 Aug 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

August 26, 2021

Type:

Public Health Announcements

MeSH

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype

SARS-CoV-2

influenza, human

vaccines, inactivated

Pregnancy Trimester, Third

Inpatients

prevalence

united states food and drug administration

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

Intensive Care Units

Cell Culture Techniques

delivery of health care

The 2021-2022 CDC recommendations regarding administration of influenza vaccines.

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This report updates the 2020–21 recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of seasonal influenza vaccines in the United States (MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69[No. RR-8]). Routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications. For each recipient, a licensed and age-appropriate vaccine should be used. ACIP makes no preferential recommendation for a specific vaccine when more than one licensed, recommended, and age-appropriate vaccine is available. During the 2021–22 influenza season, the following types of vaccines are expected to be available: inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV4s), recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4), and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4).

The 2021–22 influenza season is expected to coincide with continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Influenza vaccination of persons aged ≥6 months to reduce prevalence of illness caused by influenza will reduce symptoms that might be confused with those of COVID-19. Prevention of and reduction in the severity of influenza illness and reduction of outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and intensive care unit admissions through influenza vaccination also could alleviate stress on the U.S. health care system. Guidance for vaccine planning during the pandemic is available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pandemic-guidance/index.html. Recommendations for the use of COVID-19 vaccines are available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/covid-19.html, and additional clinical guidance is available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-v....

Updates described in this report reflect discussions during public meetings of ACIP that were held on October 28, 2020; February 25, 2021; and June 24, 2021. Primary updates to this report include the following six items. First, all seasonal influenza vaccines available in the United States for the 2021–22 season are expected to be quadrivalent. Second, the composition of 2021–22 U.S. influenza vaccines includes updates to the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H3N2) components. U.S.-licensed influenza vaccines will contain hemagglutinin derived from an influenza A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus (for egg-based vaccines) or an influenza A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus (for cell culture–based and recombinant vaccines), an influenza A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virus, an influenza B/Washington/02/2019 (Victoria lineage)-like virus, and an influenza B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage)-like virus. Third, the approved age indication for the cell culture–based inactivated influenza vaccine, Flucelvax Quadrivalent (ccIIV4), has been expanded from ages ≥4 years to ages ≥2 years. Fourth, discussion of administration of influenza vaccines with other vaccines includes considerations for coadministration of influenza vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines. Providers should also consult current ACIP COVID-19 vaccine recommendations and CDC guidance concerning coadministration of these vaccines with influenza vaccines. Vaccines that are given at the same time should be administered in separate anatomic sites. Fifth, guidance concerning timing of influenza vaccination now states that vaccination soon after vaccine becomes available can be considered for pregnant women in the third trimester. As previously recommended, children who need 2 doses (children aged 6 months through 8 years who have never received influenza vaccine or who have not previously received a lifetime total of ≥2 doses) should receive their first dose as soon as possible after vaccine becomes available to allow the second dose (which must be administered ≥4 weeks later) to be received by the end of October. For nonpregnant adults, vaccination in July and August should be avoided unless there is concern that later vaccination might not be possible. Sixth, contraindications and precautions to the use of ccIIV4 and RIV4 have been modified, specifically with regard to persons with a history of severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to an influenza vaccine. A history of a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of any egg-based IIV, LAIV, or RIV of any valency is a precaution to use of ccIIV4. A history of a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of any egg-based IIV, ccIIV, or LAIV of any valency is a precaution to use of RIV4. Use of ccIIV4 and RIV4 in such instances should occur in an inpatient or outpatient medical setting under supervision of a provider who can recognize and manage a severe allergic reaction; providers can also consider consulting with an allergist to help identify the vaccine component responsible for the reaction. For ccIIV4, history of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any ccIIV of any valency or any component of ccIIV4 is a contraindication to future use of ccIIV4. For RIV4, history of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any RIV of any valency or any component of RIV4 is a contraindication to future use of RIV4.

This report focuses on recommendations for the use of vaccines for the prevention and control of seasonal influenza during the 2021–22 influenza season in the United States. A brief summary of the recommendations and a link to the most recent Background Document containing additional information are available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/flu.html. These recommendations apply to U.S.-licensed influenza vaccines used according to Food and Drug Administration–licensed indications. Updates and other information are available from CDC’s influenza website (https://www.cdc.gov/flu); vaccination and health care providers should check this site periodically for additional information.

Author/s:

Grohskopf, L. A., Alyanak, E., Ferdinands, J. M., Broder, K. R., Blanton, L. H., Talbot, H. K., Fry, A. M.

COVID-19 Vaccine: Quick Reference Guide for Healthcare Professionals

Bethie Seay — Tue, 25 May 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

May 25, 2021

Type:

Clinical Decision Aids

MeSH

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

delivery of health care

ACIP Reference Guide on COVID Vaccine administration.

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The table below provides basic information on the proper storage, preparation, and administration of the currently authorized COVID-19 vaccine products in the United States. For additional information and detailed clinical guidance go to the manufacturer’s and CDC’s webpages listed.

Author/s:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Personal and Social Activities

Brian Desmarais — Thu, 19 Nov 2020 16:36:36 +0000

Date Added:

November 19, 2020

Publisher:

CDC

Publication Date:

October 29, 2020

URL:

Personal and Social Activities

Type:

Patient Education Materials

Format:

Web Page

Keywords

guidelines

social guidelines

MeSH

Social Control, Formal

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

Advice from the CDC on precautions to take when planning social gatherings during the pandemic. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Not available.

Immunization Strategies to Span the Spectrum of Immunocompromised Adults

John Bayhi — Sat, 15 Feb 2020 20:43:08 +0000

Date Added:

February 15, 2020

Journal/Publication:

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Publisher:

Elsevier, Inc.

Publication Date:

February 14, 2020

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

DOI (1):

10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.09.002

Keywords

MeSH

Immunogenicity, Vaccine

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

risk assessment

This is a concise review of the principles involved in the immunization of patients who are immunocompromised. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides annual recommendations for routine adult immunizations. Many recommendations consider patient factors such as age, medical conditions, and medications that increase an individual’s risk for infection with a vaccine-preventable disease. These factors, particularly those that lead to immunocompromise, may also alter the risk-benefit ratio for live vaccines, and/or lead to decreased vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness. The provider may need to consider alternative vaccination strategies, including higher antigen dose vaccines, adjuvanted vaccines, avoidance of live vaccines, and careful timing of vaccination to optimize safety and effectiveness in immunocompromised populations. This thematic review discusses general principles regarding immunization of adults across the spectrum of immunocompromise, examines current guidelines and studies that support them, and outlines future research needs.

Author/s:

Whitaker, JA

Vaccines. Medicines. Advice.

Brian Desmarais — Tue, 04 Feb 2020 16:03:51 +0000

Date Added:

February 4, 2020

Journal/Publication:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Publication Date:

January 1, 2020

URL:

Vaccines. Medicines. Advice.

Type:

Public Health Announcements

Format:

Web Page

MeSH

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

travel

vaccination

immunization

This is a site at the CDC containing information on travel immunization recommendations and warnings. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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None available.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Adults: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

Brian Desmarais — Tue, 14 Jan 2020 15:17:31 +0000

Date Added:

January 14, 2020

Journal/Publication:

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Publisher:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Publication Date:

August 16, 2019

URL:

Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Adults: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

DOI (1):

http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6832a3

MeSH

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.

Data Collection

vaccination

Papillomaviridae

clinical decision-making

public health

Papillomavirus Infections

Middle Aged

child

United States

HPV vaccination appears to be both safe and effective in adults 27-45 years of age. While the public health impact of routine HPV vaccination of adults would be small, some high-risk individuals could benefit significantly. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Summary

What is already known about this topic?

Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is routinely recommended at age 11 or 12 years. Catch-up recommendations apply to persons not vaccinated at age 11 or 12 years.

What is added by this report?

After reviewing new evidence, CDC updated HPV vaccination recommendations for U.S. adults.

What are the implications for public health practice?

Routine recommendations for HPV vaccination of adolescents have not changed. Catch-up HPV vaccination is now recommended for all persons through age 26 years. For adults aged 27 through 45 years, public health benefit of HPV vaccination in this age range is minimal; shared clinical decision-making is recommended because some persons who are not adequately vaccinated might benefit.

Author/s:

Meites, E., Szilagyi, P., Chesson, H.W., Unger, E.R., Romero, J.R., Markowitz, L.E.