acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Importance: Approximately 27% of adults in the US and Canada report having ever used cannabis for medical purposes. An estimated 10.5% of the US population reports using cannabidiol (CBD), a chemical compound extracted from cannabis that does not have psychoactive effects, for therapeutic purposes.

Observations: Conditions for which cannabinoids have approval from the US Food and Drug Administration include HIV/AIDS-related anorexia, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and certain pediatric seizure disorders. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials reported a small but significant reduction in nausea and vomiting from various causes (eg, chemotherapy, cancer) when comparing prescribed cannabinoids (eg, dronabinol, nabilone) with placebo or active comparators (eg, alizapride, chlorpromazine; standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.29 [95% CI, -0.39 to -0.18]). A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials among patients with HIV/AIDS reported that cannabinoids had a moderate effect on increasing body weight compared with placebo (SMD, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.22 to 0.92]). Evidence-based guidelines do not recommend the use of inhaled or high-potency cannabis (≥10% or 10 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [Δ9-THC]) for medical purposes. High-potency cannabis compared with low-potency cannabis use is associated with increased risk of psychotic symptoms (12.4% vs 7.1%) and generalized anxiety disorder (19.1% vs 11.6%). A meta-analysis of observational studies reported that 29% of individuals who used cannabis for medical purposes met criteria for cannabis use disorder. Daily inhaled cannabis use compared with nondaily use was associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (2.0% vs 0.9%), myocardial infarction (1.7% vs 1.3%), and stroke (2.6% vs 1.0%). Evidence from randomized clinical trials does not support the use of cannabis or cannabinoids for most conditions for which it is promoted, such as acute pain and insomnia. Before considering cannabis or cannabinoids for medical use, clinicians should consult applicable institutional, state, and national regulations; evaluate for drug-drug interactions; and assess for contraindications (eg, pregnancy) or conditions in which risks likely outweigh benefits (eg, schizophrenia or ischemic heart disease). For patients using cannabis or cannabinoids for treatment of medical conditions, clinicians should discuss harm reduction strategies, including avoiding concurrent use with alcohol or other central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines, using the lowest effective dose, and avoiding use when driving or operating machinery.

Conclusions and relevance: Evidence is insufficient for the use of cannabis or cannabinoids for most medical indications. Clear guidance from clinicians is essential to support safe, evidence-based decision-making. Clinicians should weigh benefits against risks when engaging patients in informed discussions about cannabis or cannabinoid use.

Author/s:

Michael Hsu, Arya Shah, Ayana Jordan, Mark S Gold, Kevin P Hill

Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV

Alex Haga — Wed, 23 Oct 2024 15:19:14 +0000

Date Added:

October 23, 2024

Journal/Publication:

JAMA

Publication Date:

October 14, 2024

URL:

Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2024.16984

Keywords

prophylaxis

Anti-HIV Agents

HIV

PMID (1):

39401050

MeSH

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

antiviral agents

HIV infections

A concise review of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. James W, Mold, MD, MPH

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Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) involves use of antiviral medication for HIV prevention in HIV-negative adults or adolescents at risk for HIV through sex or injection drug use. The United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) recently set a goal for 95% of people at risk of HIV (approximately 10 million people worldwide) to have access to and use PrEP in 2025, although only 3.5 million individuals at risk of HIV were receiving PrEP as of 2023. The UNAIDS 2024 global AIDS update reported no decrease in HIV incidence since 2021, with an estimated 1.3 million new infections reported globally in 2023.

Author/s:

Matthew A Spinelli, Kenneth Ngure, Monica Gandhi

What Are Canker Sores?

Alex Haga — Sat, 10 Aug 2024 18:15:17 +0000

Date Added:

August 10, 2024

Journal/Publication:

JAMA

Publication Date:

August 1, 2024

URL:

What Are Canker Sores?

Type:

Patient Education Materials

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2024.8418

Keywords

canker sore

Ulcer

PMID (1):

39088208

MeSH

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Anemia

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency

Information for patients about canker sores. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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This JAMA Patient Page describes the types of canker sores and how they can be treated.

Author/s:

Rebecca Voelker

Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2020 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA Panel

Devin Evans — Thu, 15 Oct 2020 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

October 15, 2020

Journal/Publication:

The Journal of the American Medical Association

Publication Date:

October 14, 2020

URL:

Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2020 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA Panel

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2020.17025

Keywords

MeSH

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A 2020 update on the prevention and management of HIV disease. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Importance Data on the use of antiretroviral drugs, including new drugs and formulations, for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection continue to guide optimal practices.

Objective To evaluate new data and incorporate them into current recommendations for initiating HIV therapy, monitoring individuals starting on therapy, changing regimens, preventing HIV infection for those at risk, and special considerations for older people with HIV.

Evidence Review New evidence was collected since the previous International Antiviral (formerly AIDS) Society–USA recommendations in 2018, including data published or presented at peer-reviewed scientific conferences through August 22, 2020. A volunteer panel of 15 experts in HIV research and patient care considered these data and updated previous recommendations.

Findings From 5316 citations about antiretroviral drugs identified, 549 were included to form the evidence basis for these recommendations. Antiretroviral therapy is recommended as soon as possible for all individuals with HIV who have detectable viremia. Most patients can start with a 3-drug regimen or now a 2-drug regimen, which includes an integrase strand transfer inhibitor. Effective options are available for patients who may be pregnant, those who have specific clinical conditions, such as kidney, liver, or cardiovascular disease, those who have opportunistic diseases, or those who have health care access issues. Recommended for the first time, a long-acting antiretroviral regimen injected once every 4 weeks for treatment or every 8 weeks pending approval by regulatory bodies and availability. For individuals at risk for HIV, preexposure prophylaxis with an oral regimen is recommended or, pending approval by regulatory bodies and availability, with a long-acting injection given every 8 weeks. Monitoring before and during therapy for effectiveness and safety is recommended. Switching therapy for virological failure is relatively rare at this time, and the recommendations for switching therapies for convenience and for other reasons are included. With the survival benefits provided by therapy, recommendations are made for older individuals with HIV. The current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic poses particular challenges for HIV research, care, and efforts to end the HIV epidemic.

Conclusion and Relevance Advances in HIV prevention and management with antiretroviral drugs continue to improve clinical care and outcomes among individuals at risk for and with HIV.

Author/s:

Saag, Michael S., Gandhi, Rajesh T., Hoy, Jennifer F., Landovitz, Raphael J., Thompson, Melanie A., Sax, Paul E., Smith, Savey M., Benson, Constance A., Buchbinder, Susan P., Del Rio, Carlos, Eron Jr., Joseph J., Fätkenheuer, Gerd, Günthard, Huldrych F., Molina, Jean-Michel, Jacobsen, Donna M., Volberding, Paul A.

Screening for HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.

Brian Desmarais — Wed, 12 Jun 2019 20:06:05 +0000

Date Added:

June 12, 2019

Journal/Publication:

Journal of the American Medical Association

Publication Date:

June 11, 2019

URL:

Screening for HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2019.6587

Keywords

HIV

HIV prevention

HIV screening

MeSH

Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Premature Birth

Breast Feeding

The USPSTF recommends screening all adolescents and adults <65 years of age, all pregnant women, younger and all children and adults at risk for HIV infection at least once and then as clinically indicated. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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IMPORTANCE:

Approximately 1.1 million persons in the United States are currently living with HIV, and more than 700 000 persons have died of AIDS since the first cases were reported in 1981. There were approximately 38 300 new diagnoses of HIV infection in 2017. The estimated prevalence of HIV infection among persons 13 years and older in the United States is 0.4%, and data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show a significant increase in HIV diagnoses starting at age 15 years. An estimated 8700 women living with HIV give birth each year in the United States. HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and breastfeeding. The incidence of perinatal HIV infection in the United States peaked in 1992 and has declined significantly following the implementation of routine prenatal HIV screening and the use of effective therapies and precautions to prevent mother-to-child transmission.

OBJECTIVE:

To update the 2013 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for HIV infection in adolescents, adults, and pregnant women.

EVIDENCE REVIEW:

The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on the benefits and harms of screening for HIV infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults, the yield of screening for HIV infection at different intervals, the effects of initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) at a higher vs lower CD4 cell count, and the longer-term harms associated with currently recommended ART regimens. The USPSTF also reviewed the evidence on the benefits (specifically, reduced risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection) and harms of screening for HIV infection in pregnant persons, the yield of repeat screening for HIV at different intervals during pregnancy, the effectiveness of currently recommended ART regimens for reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection, and the harms of ART during pregnancy to the mother and infant.

FINDINGS:

The USPSTF found convincing evidence that currently recommended HIV tests are highly accurate in diagnosing HIV infection. The USPSTF found convincing evidence that identification and early treatment of HIV infection is of substantial benefit in reducing the risk of AIDS-related events or death. The USPSTF found convincing evidence that the use of ART is of substantial benefit in decreasing the risk of HIV transmission to uninfected sex partners. The USPSTF also found convincing evidence that identification and treatment of pregnant women living with HIV infection is of substantial benefit in reducing the rate of mother-to-child transmission. The USPSTF found adequate evidence that ART is associated with some harms, including neuropsychiatric, renal, and hepatic harms, and an increased risk of preterm birth in pregnant women. The USPSTF concludes with high certainty that the net benefit of screening for HIV infection in adolescents, adults, and pregnant women is substantial.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION:

The USPSTF recommends screening for HIV infection in adolescents and adults aged 15 to 65 years. Younger adolescents and older adults who are at increased risk of infection should also be screened. (A recommendation) The USPSTF recommends screening for HIV infection in all pregnant persons, including those who present in labor or at delivery whose HIVstatus is unknown. (A recommendation).

Author/s:

U. S. Preventive Services Task Force

Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

Brian Desmarais — Wed, 12 Jun 2019 19:42:06 +0000

Date Added:

June 12, 2019

Journal/Publication:

Journal of the American Medical Association

Publication Date:

June 11, 2019

Issue:

Volume:

321

URL:

Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2019.6390

Keywords

MeSH

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

risk factors

risk assessment

primary health care

The USPSTF recommends offering antiretroviral prophylaxis to patients at high risk for HIV infection. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Abstract

IMPORTANCE:

An estimated 1.1 million individuals in the United States are currently living with HIV, and more than 700 000 persons have died of AIDS since the first cases were reported in 1981. In 2017, there were 38 281 new diagnoses of HIV infection reported in the United States; 81% of these new diagnoses were among males and 19% were among females. Although treatable, HIV infection has no cure and has significant health consequences.

OBJECTIVE:

To issue a new US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of HIV infection.

EVIDENCE REVIEW:

The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on the benefits of PrEP for the prevention of HIV infection with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate monotherapy or combined tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine and whether the benefits vary by risk group, population subgroup, or regimen or dosing strategy; the diagnostic accuracy of risk assessment tools to identify persons at high risk of HIVacquisition; the rates of adherence to PrEP in primary care settings; the association between adherence and effectiveness of PrEP; and the harms of PrEP when used for HIV prevention.

FINDINGS:

The USPSTF found convincing evidence that PrEP is of substantial benefit in decreasing the risk of HIV infection in persons at high risk of HIV acquisition. The USPSTF also found convincing evidence that adherence to PrEP is highly associated with its efficacy in preventing the acquisition of HIV infection; thus, adherence to PrEP is central to realizing its benefit. The USPSTF found adequate evidence that PrEP is associated with small harms, including kidney and gastrointestinal adverse effects. The USPSTF concludes with high certainty that the magnitude of benefit of PrEP with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based therapy to reduce the risk of acquisition of HIV infection in persons at high risk is substantial.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION:

The USPSTF recommends offering PrEP with effective antiretroviral therapy to persons at high risk of HIV acquisition. (A recommendation).

Author/s:

US Preventive Services Task Force

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Tracy Ashby — Thu, 11 Apr 2019 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

April 11, 2019

Journal/Publication:

American Family Physician

Publisher:

American Academy of Family Physicians

URL:

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Web Page

Keywords

sexually transmitted infections

human papillomavirus

MeSH

sexually transmitted diseases

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

hepatitis A

hepatitis

This is a set of links to all recent American Family Physician/AAFP articles about sexually transmitted disease. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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This collection features the best content from AFP, as identified by the AFP editors, on sexually transmitted disease and related issues, including chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, human papillomavirus, and syphilis. New research may affect the interpretation and application of this material. Clinical judgment is advised. Note that AFP content published within the past 12 months is accessible to AAFP members and paid subscribers only.
Note: This topic collection does not include human immunodeficiency virus (see separate topic collection on HIV/AIDS) or hepatitis (see separate topic collection on Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases).