Management of acute diverticulitis

1 Emergency department visits and hospital admissions for acute
diverticulitis have increased
Emergency department visits for acute diverticulitis increased by 26.8% to
113.9 visits per 100 000 from 2006 to 2013 in the United States.1
Hospital admissions for diverticulitis increased 7.5% annually from 190 per 100 000 in 2008 to
310 per 100 000 in 2015 in Europe; the increase occurred predominantly among
patients aged younger than 60 years.2 Insufficient consumption of dietary fibre
is associated with this rise.
2 Symptoms of diverticulitis may be driven by inflammation rather
than infection
Contemporary evidence shows that use of antibiotics in uncomplicated cases of
diverticulitis neither accelerates recovery nor improves outcomes.2
A recent
study has suggested that chronic inflammation secondary to environmental risk
factors and alterations of the gut microbiome are now favoured causes over
microperforation or bacterial translocation.3
3 Most patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis can be treated as
outpatients with nonopiate analgesia rather than antibiotics
Cross-sectional imaging that shows inflamed colonic diverticula without perforation or abscess defines uncomplicated diverticulitis. Two randomized controlled trials that compared antibiotic and nonantibiotic treatment reported
no difference in recovery time, treatment duration or rate of recurrence.4,5
Updated guidelines recommend reserving antibiotics for patients taking
immunosuppressive medications and those with sepsis.1,2 Treating symptoms
with nonopiate analgesics avoids worsening bowel function and contributing
to opiate dependence.
4 Evidence of complicated diverticulitis should prompt emergent
surgical assessment and antibiotic treatment
Complicated diverticulitis, defined as radiologic evidence of perforation or intraabdominal abscess, has a 30-day mortality rate of 8.7%.2
Antibiotic therapy is indicated, and many patients require admission to hospital.1
Percutaneous drainage
of large abscesses (> 3 cm) or emergency surgery may be required.2
5 Colonoscopy and elective colon resection are not routinely required
after resolution of uncomplicated diverticulitis
Only 8.7% of patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis will present to hospital
with a second episode.1
Elective surgery should be determined by frequency
and severity of symptoms, rather than prevention of future complications.2
Risk of malignant disease after uncomplicated left-sided diverticulitis is similar to that of the general population (1%), and standard colon cancer screening guidelines should be followed.1
Complicated diverticulitis warrants an
interval colonoscopy, typically 6 weeks after resolution.1

Author/s:

Zondervan, N., Snelgrove, R., Bradley, N.

Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Tracy Ashby — Tue, 09 Apr 2019 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

April 9, 2019

Journal/Publication:

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Publisher:

American Society for Nutrition

Publication Date:

November 11, 2015

Issue:

Volume:

102

Pages:

1604-1614

URL:

Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.3945/ajcn.115.106989

Keywords

PMID (1):

26561625

MeSH

diabetes mellitus, type 2

glycated hemoglobin a

cholesterol

This 2015 meta-analysis found that the addition of 5 – 10 gm of psyllium husks taken before each meal reduced A1cs in type 2 diabetics by an average of 1%, comparable to most diabetes meds. Most patients will have to work their way up to that dose gradually I suspect. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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BACKGROUND:

A number of health benefits are associated with intake of soluble, viscous, gel-forming fibers, including reduced serum cholesterol and the attenuation of postprandial glucose excursions.

OBJECTIVE:

We assess the effects of psyllium, which is a soluble, gel-forming, nonfermented fibersupplement, on glycemic control in patients who were being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in patients who were at risk of developing T2DM.

DESIGN:

A comprehensive search was performed of available published literature (Scopus scientific database) and clinical records stored by Procter & Gamble with the use of key search terms to identify clinical studies that assessed the glycemic effects of psyllium in nondiabetic, pre-T2DM, and T2DM patients.

RESULTS:

We identified 35 randomized, controlled, clinical studies that spanned 3 decades and 3 continents. These data were assessed in 8 meta-analyses. In patients with T2DM, multiweek studies (psyllium dosed before meals) showed significant improvement in both the fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentration (-37.0 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) [-0.97% (-10.6 mmol/mol); P = 0.048]. Glycemic effects were proportional to baseline FBG; no significant glucose lowering was observed in euglycemic subjects, a modest improvement was observed in subjects with pre-T2DM, and the greatest improvement was observed in subjects who were being treated for T2DM.

CONCLUSIONS:

These data indicate that psyllium would be an effective addition to a lifestyle-intervention program. The degree of psyllium's glycemic benefit was commensurate with the loss of glycemic control. Because the greatest effect was seen in patients who were being treated for T2DM, additional studies are needed to determine how best to incorporate psyllium into existing prevention and treatment algorithms with concomitant hypoglycemic medications.

Author/s:

Gibb, Roger D., McRorie, Johnson W., Russell, Darrell A., Hasselblad, Vic, D'Alessio, David A.