vitamins

This JAMA Internal Medicine Patient Page describes how glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists work and what behaviors to adopt while using them.

Author/s:

Farhad Mehrtash, Jody Dushay, JoAnn E. Manson

Vitamin D for Prevention of Disease

Erin Blanchette — Mon, 28 Apr 2025 16:44:37 +0000

Date Added:

April 28, 2025

Journal/Publication:

JAMA

Publisher:

American Medical Association

Publication Date:

April 23, 2025

URL:

Vitamin D for Prevention of Disease

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

10.1001/jama.2025.2278

Keywords

PMID (1):

40266611

MeSH

A guideline from the Endocrine Society regarding Vitamin D supplementation in healthy children and adults. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Vitamin D regulates bone homeostasis,1 and epidemiologic studies suggest that lower vitamin D levels may be associated with increased risk of RTIs, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and metabolic disorders.2,3 Increased awareness of possible health benefits associated with higher 25(OH)D levels has resulted in widespread vitamin D testing and supplementation in the general US population. Nonetheless, there is no consensus on a threshold value below which people should be offered vitamin D supplementation.3,4 In 2021, the US Preventive Services Task Force reported that there was insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening of asymptomatic adults for vitamin D deficiency.4 Rates of marked vitamin D deficiency (25[OH]D ≤12 ng/mL) vary by race and ethnicity, with higher rates in non-Hispanic Asian (8%), non-Hispanic Black (18%), and Hispanic (6%) people compared with non-Hispanic White people (2%).3

Author/s:

Eva S Liu, Andrew M Davis, Sherri-Ann M Burnett-Bowie

Vitamin D and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in People With Prediabetes : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data From 3 Randomized Clinical Trials

Aubrey Delammermore — Thu, 23 Feb 2023 06:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

February 23, 2023

Journal/Publication:

Annals of Internal Medicine

Publisher:

American College of Physicians

Publication Date:

February 7, 2023

URL:

Vitamin D and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in People With Prediabetes : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data From 3 Randomized Clinical Trials

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

0.7326/M22-3018

Keywords

Kidney

Cholecalciferol

Intention to Treat Analysis

type 2 diabetes

Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

PMID (1):

36745886

MeSH

diabetes mellitus, type 2

In patients with prediabetes, Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve blood glucose levels and reduce progression to diabetes. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

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Background: The role of vitamin D in people who are at risk for type 2 diabetes remains unclear.

Purpose: To evaluate whether administration of vitamin D decreases risk for diabetes among people with prediabetes.

Data sources: PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov from database inception through 9 December 2022.

Study selection: Eligible trials that were specifically designed and conducted to test the effects of oral vitamin D versus placebo on new-onset diabetes in adults with prediabetes.

Data extraction: The primary outcome was time to event for new-onset diabetes. Secondary outcomes were regression to normal glucose regulation and adverse events. Prespecified analyses (both unadjusted and adjusted for key baseline variables) were conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle.

Data synthesis: Three randomized trials were included, which tested cholecalciferol, 20 000 IU (500 mcg) weekly; cholecalciferol, 4000 IU (100 mcg) daily; or eldecalcitol, 0.75 mcg daily, versus matching placebos. Trials were at low risk of bias. Vitamin D reduced risk for diabetes by 15% (hazard ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.75 to 0.96]) in adjusted analyses, with a 3-year absolute risk reduction of 3.3% (CI, 0.6% to 6.0%). The effect of vitamin D did not differ in prespecified subgroups. Among participants assigned to the vitamin D group who maintained an intratrial mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of at least 125 nmol/L (≥50 ng/mL) compared with 50 to 74 nmol/L (20 to 29 ng/mL) during follow-up, cholecalciferol reduced risk for diabetes by 76% (hazard ratio, 0.24 [CI, 0.16 to 0.36]), with a 3-year absolute risk reduction of 18.1% (CI, 11.7% to 24.6%). Vitamin D increased the likelihood of regression to normal glucose regulation by 30% (rate ratio, 1.30 [CI, 1.16 to 1.46]). There was no evidence of difference in the rate ratios for adverse events (kidney stones: 1.17 [CI, 0.69 to 1.99]; hypercalcemia: 2.34 [CI, 0.83 to 6.66]; hypercalciuria: 1.65 [CI, 0.83 to 3.28]; death: 0.85 [CI, 0.31 to 2.36]).

Limitations: Studies of people with prediabetes do not apply to the general population. Trials may not have been powered for safety outcomes.

Conclusion: In adults with prediabetes, vitamin D was effective in decreasing risk for diabetes.

Primary funding source: None. (PROSPERO: CRD42020163522).

Author/s:

Pittas, A. G., Kawahara, T., Jorde, R., Dawson-Hughes, B., Vickery, E. M., Angellotti, E., Nelson, J., Trikalinos, T. A., Balk, E. M.

Geographic Tongue

Bethie Seay — Mon, 13 Sep 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

September 13, 2021

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

DOI (1):

10.1503/cmaj.202855

MeSH

Glossitis, Benign Migratory

A good picture and quick summary about geographic tongue.

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A 37-year-old woman presented to the outpatient ear, nose and throat department with a 1-year history of intermittent burning and changes in appearance of her tongue. The patient had no history of bleeding, pain or concurrent skin or genital lesions, and she had no dermatologic history. A course of clotrimazole and vitamin B supplementation had been ineffective. On examination, she had well-defined annular lesions with central erythema and a raised white serpentine border involving the dorsal anterior two-thirds of her tongue (Figure 1). There was no fissuring. Based on her history, the appearance of her tongue and an otherwise normal physical examination, we diagnosed geographic tongue. We prescribed topical benzydamine, as required, for symptomatic relief of burning. At 6-month follow-up, she was free of symptoms, with patchy tongue changes.

Author/s:

Prasanth, V. J., Singh, A.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Its Management: Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations

Bethie Seay — Fri, 03 Sep 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Date Added:

September 3, 2021

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

DOI (1):

10.1542/peds.2007-1894

MeSH

Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee

Pharmaceutical Preparations

Breast Feeding

calcium

supplements

A guideline for Vitamin D supplementation in children from the Pediatric Endocrinologic Association.

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Given the recent spate of reports of vitamin D deficiency, there is a need to
reexamine our understanding of natural and other sources of vitamin D, as well as
mechanisms whereby vitamin D synthesis and intake can be optimized. This state-of-the-art report from the Drug and Therapeutics Committee of the Lawson Wilkins
Pediatric Endocrine Society was aimed to perform this task and also reviews recommendations for sun exposure and vitamin D intake and possible caveats associated
with these recommendations. Pediatrics 2008;122:398–417

Author/s:

Misra, M., Pacaud, D., Petryk, A., Collett-Solberg, P. F., Kappy, M.

Antioxidants: In Depth

Jeffrey Wilson — Sun, 24 Feb 2019 20:01:46 +0000

Date Added:

February 24, 2019

Publication Date:

May 4, 2016

URL:

Antioxidants: In Depth

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Web Page

Keywords

MeSH

A review of the evidence related to the use of anti-oxidant supplements from the NIH.

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Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Diets high in vegetables and fruits, which are good sources of antioxidants, have been found to be healthy; however, research has not shown antioxidant supplements to be beneficial in preventing diseases. Examples of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, selenium, and carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. This fact sheet provides basic information about antioxidants, summarizes what the science says about antioxidants and health, and suggests sources for additional information.

Author/s:

National Institutes of Health, Chun, Ock, Frei, Balz, Gardner, Christopher, Alekel, D. Lee, Killen, John Jr.