vascular surgery

Importance: Superficial vein thrombosis (SuVT) is characterized by thrombus in the superficial veins, typically in the lower or upper extremities, and has an estimated annual incidence of 64 to 131 per 100 000 person-years. Approximately 10% of patients with SuVT progress to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

Observations: Endothelial injury (caused by infection or intravenous devices), venous stasis (such as from chronic venous insufficiency or prolonged immobility), and hypercoagulability (due to cancer or pregnancy) are pathophysiologic factors associated with SuVT. Clinical risk factors for lower extremity SuVT are similar to those of DVT and PE and include pregnancy, varicose veins, and active cancer. The incidence of SuVT is greater in females than males (78-167 compared with 49-116 per 100 000 person-years). In contrast with lower extremity SuVT, upper extremity SuVT is primarily caused by indwelling intravenous catheters. Patients typically present with a tender, red, palpable cord under the skin in the upper or lower extremity. D-dimer testing has a sensitivity of approximately 48% to 74.3% and, therefore, is not reliable for excluding SuVT. Approximately 25% of patients with lower extremity SuVT present with concomitant DVT, likely because risk factors for SuVT and DVT are similar and because SuVT can extend into deep veins. In people without classic symptoms and signs of SuVT, ultrasonography can establish the presence and extent of the thrombus. Management may include elastic compression stockings and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For patients with SuVTs that are at least 5 cm long or those with persistent or worsening symptoms despite several days of conservative therapy, treatment includes anticoagulation with fondaparinux 2.5 mg. Alternative anticoagulation treatment includes rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily and low-molecular-weight heparins (eg, enoxaparin 40 mg once daily), which may reduce subsequent venous thromboembolic events. SuVT located within 3 cm of a deep vein should be treated with therapeutic doses of anticoagulation such as direct oral anticoagulants.

Conclusions and relevance: SuVT typically presents as a tender, painful, palpable cord under the skin. Management may include elastic compression stockings, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and systemic anticoagulation with fondaparinux 2.5 mg or rivaroxaban 10 mg. SuVTs within 3 cm of a deep vein should be treated with therapeutic dose anticoagulation.

Author/s:

Gregory Piazza, Darsiya Krishnathasan, Nada Hamade

Management of Peripheral Artery Disease

Megan George — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 18:44:56 +0000

Date Added:

July 6, 2025

Journal/Publication:

JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis

Publication Date:

July 2, 2025

URL:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2835911?guestAccessKey=4bf0464…

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

doi:10.1001/jama.2025.8408

Keywords

guidelines

surgery

vascular surgery

peripheral arterial disease

Cardiology

PMID (1):

40601325

MeSH

Peripheral Vascular Diseases

atherosclerosis

Ischemia

Guidance regarding management of patients with peripheral artery disease. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

View

This JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis summarizes the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association’s 2024 guidelines on management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease.

Author/s:

Aman Kansal, MD, Andrew M. Davis, MD, MPH, Jennifer A. Rymer, MD, MBA

Management of Peripheral Artery Disease

Megan George — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 18:44:50 +0000

Date Added:

July 6, 2025

Journal/Publication:

JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis

Publication Date:

July 2, 2025

URL:

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2835911?guestAccessKey=4bf0464…

Type:

Meta-analyses, Reviews, and Guidelines

Format:

Article

DOI (1):

doi:10.1001/jama.2025.8408

Keywords

guidelines

surgery

vascular surgery

peripheral arterial disease

Cardiology

PMID (1):

40601325

MeSH

Peripheral Vascular Diseases

atherosclerosis

Ischemia

Guidance regarding management of patients with peripheral artery disease. James W. Mold, MD, MPH

View

This JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis summarizes the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association’s 2024 guidelines on management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease.

Author/s:

Aman Kansal, MD, Andrew M. Davis, MD, MPH, Jennifer A. Rymer, MD, MBA