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A Person-Centered Approach to Supplemental Oxygen Therapy in the Outpatient Setting: A Review

Author/s: 
Angela O Suen, Susan S Jacobs, Mary R Kitlowski, Richard D Branson, Anand S Iyer

Importance: Approximately 1.5 million adults in the US use supplemental oxygen annually in the outpatient setting. However, many do not receive delivery systems that adequately meet their needs, and few receive education about devices or how to maintain independence. This Review summarizes guidelines and evidence on outpatient supplemental oxygen across several cardiopulmonary conditions, highlights evidence gaps where benefits are unclear, and discusses outcomes that inform a person-centered framework for supplemental oxygen therapy.

Observations: Most studies of supplemental oxygen have been conducted in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with limited high-quality data in other cardiopulmonary conditions. Data strongly support supplemental oxygen therapy in people with severe resting desaturation (oxygen saturation [SpO2] of 88% or less), with demonstrated improvement in mortality. Whether supplemental oxygen improves symptoms or function in patients with isolated severe exertional desaturation remains inconclusive, prompting an individualized approach and exertional oxygen testing if a patient is mobile and reporting exertional symptoms. Apart from cor pulmonale, evidence does not support supplemental oxygen therapy in patients with moderate resting or exertional desaturation (SpO2 of 89% to 93%). Supplemental oxygen's broad impact on patient-centered outcomes; the supplemental oxygen landscape of devices, testing, prescription, and delivery; and how to weigh the potential harms vs benefits with patients are summarized. These data inform a person-centered supplemental oxygen framework to help patients minimize loss of independence and improve quality of life across the following domains: (1) health care values and preferences; (2) functional status, mobility, and frailty; (3) cognition and supplemental oxygen education; (4) physical symptoms; (5) psychological and social impact; and (6) caregiver support. Guidance on deimplementation and future directions are also summarized.

Conclusions and relevance: Supplemental oxygen therapy should follow a person-centered approach that empowers patients and caregivers; helps patients improve independence and quality of life by optimizing function, mobility, and social well-being; weighs benefits and burdens; and engages in shared decision-making when the evidence is unclear.

Keywords 
oxygen Caregivers heart disease Chronic Disease

Migraine — Treatment and Preventive Therapies

Author/s: 
Armand, C.E., Loder, E., Ropper, A. H.

In this instructional video, Drs. Cynthia Armand and Elizabeth Loder discuss the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of migraine and treatment options for patients.

This video provides essential and useful information for any clinician caring for patients with this common condition. Newer acute and preventive therapies — including triptans, gepants, ditans, and injectable monoclonal antibodies — are discussed, as are the importance of a patient-centered approach and the need to tackle challenges of access to these newer agents.

Keywords 
migraine treatment preventative therapies injectable monoclonal antibodies patient care treatment

Revising the advanced access model pillars: a multimethod study

Author/s: 
Breton, M., Gaboury, I., Beaulieu, C., Sasseville, M., Hudon, C., Malham, S. A., Duhoux, A., Rodrigues, I., Haggerty, J.

Background: The advanced access model was developed 20 years ago and has been implemented in several countries. We aimed to revise and operationalize the pillars and subpillars of the advanced access model based on its contemporary practice by professionals in primary health care.

Methods: This multimethod sequential study was informed by a literature review and an expert panel of provincial and local decision-makers, primary health care clinic members (family physicians, nurses and administrative staff), patients and researchers from the province of Quebec. Throughout the consultation process, participants were asked to develop a common vision of the pillars and subpillars that make up the advanced access model and to react to suggested definitions or content.

Results: The revised advanced access model is defined by 5 pillars, of which 2 were updated from the original model (“Appointment system” and “Interprofessional practice”), 1 was merged with a revised pillar (“Develop contingency plans” with “Planning of needs and supply”) and 1 underwent major transformations (“Backlog reduction” to “Continuous adjustment”). A new pillar concerning communication emerged from the consultation process. Subsequent steps for operationalizing definitions of subpillars confirmed the nature of the revised advanced access pillars and stabilized their content.

Interpretation: The overall consultation process resulted in a revised contemporary advanced access model, with strong consensus among participating experts. The revised model will be used to develop a reflective tool for primary health care professionals to evaluate their advanced access practice.

Timely access is a cornerstone of strong primary health care and a key component of a patient-centred medical home for ensuring population health.1 Numerous innovations have been implemented to improve timely access,2 with one of the most recommended around the world being the advanced access model, also called open access.2,3 Based on greater accessibility linked with patients’ relational and informational continuity with a primary health care professional or team, the advanced access model aims to ensure that patients obtain access to health care services at a time and date convenient for them when needed, regardless of the urgency of the demand.4 Originally developed in the United States in the early 2000s, advanced access is defined by Murray and Berwick as having 5 pillars: balance supply and demand, reduce the backlog of previously scheduled appointments, review the appointment system, integrate interprofessional practice and develop contingency plans.5,6 Several scientific papers on the foundations of advanced access have been published over the past 20 years, and its benefits have been reported in many countries, including the US, the United Kingdom and Canada.6–9

Over the last 2 decades, primary health care practice has evolved to increase interdisciplinarity in clinical teams. Thus, the need for a model that incorporates new practices and professionals has necessitated development of an updated advanced access model. Furthermore, advanced access was originally developed in a context that prioritized implementing a new way of doing, with less emphasis on the ongoing practice and sustainability of the model.10,11 However, changes in primary health care practice require revisions to the advanced access model to adapt it to the contemporary context.

In this study, we redefine the pillars and subpillars of the advanced access model by integrating an interdisciplinary team–based focus, while considering the integration of primary health care professionals, such as nurse practitioners, registered nurses, social workers and other allied professionals, in primary health care practices. The objective of this study was to revise and operationalize the pillars and subpillars of the advanced access model.

Keywords 
Family Physicians social workers referral and consultation nurse practitioners scheduling models

Revising the advanced access model pillars: a multimethod study

Author/s: 
Breton, M., Gaboury, I., Beaulieu, C., Sasseville, M., Hudon, C., Malham, S. A., Duhoux, A., Rodrigues, I., Haggerty, J.

Background: The advanced access model was developed 20 years ago and has been implemented in several countries. We aimed to revise and operationalize the pillars and subpillars of the advanced access model based on its contemporary practice by professionals in primary health care.

Methods: This multimethod sequential study was informed by a literature review and an expert panel of provincial and local decision-makers, primary health care clinic members (family physicians, nurses and administrative staff), patients and researchers from the province of Quebec. Throughout the consultation process, participants were asked to develop a common vision of the pillars and subpillars that make up the advanced access model and to react to suggested definitions or content.

Results: The revised advanced access model is defined by 5 pillars, of which 2 were updated from the original model (“Appointment system” and “Interprofessional practice”), 1 was merged with a revised pillar (“Develop contingency plans” with “Planning of needs and supply”) and 1 underwent major transformations (“Backlog reduction” to “Continuous adjustment”). A new pillar concerning communication emerged from the consultation process. Subsequent steps for operationalizing definitions of subpillars confirmed the nature of the revised advanced access pillars and stabilized their content.

Interpretation: The overall consultation process resulted in a revised contemporary advanced access model, with strong consensus among participating experts. The revised model will be used to develop a reflective tool for primary health care professionals to evaluate their advanced access practice.

Timely access is a cornerstone of strong primary health care and a key component of a patient-centred medical home for ensuring population health.1 Numerous innovations have been implemented to improve timely access,2 with one of the most recommended around the world being the advanced access model, also called open access.2,3 Based on greater accessibility linked with patients’ relational and informational continuity with a primary health care professional or team, the advanced access model aims to ensure that patients obtain access to health care services at a time and date convenient for them when needed, regardless of the urgency of the demand.4 Originally developed in the United States in the early 2000s, advanced access is defined by Murray and Berwick as having 5 pillars: balance supply and demand, reduce the backlog of previously scheduled appointments, review the appointment system, integrate interprofessional practice and develop contingency plans.5,6 Several scientific papers on the foundations of advanced access have been published over the past 20 years, and its benefits have been reported in many countries, including the US, the United Kingdom and Canada.6–9

Over the last 2 decades, primary health care practice has evolved to increase interdisciplinarity in clinical teams. Thus, the need for a model that incorporates new practices and professionals has necessitated development of an updated advanced access model. Furthermore, advanced access was originally developed in a context that prioritized implementing a new way of doing, with less emphasis on the ongoing practice and sustainability of the model.10,11 However, changes in primary health care practice require revisions to the advanced access model to adapt it to the contemporary context.

In this study, we redefine the pillars and subpillars of the advanced access model by integrating an interdisciplinary team–based focus, while considering the integration of primary health care professionals, such as nurse practitioners, registered nurses, social workers and other allied professionals, in primary health care practices. The objective of this study was to revise and operationalize the pillars and subpillars of the advanced access model.

Keywords 
Family Physicians social workers referral and consultation nurse practitioners scheduling models

Stepped Exercise Program for Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author/s: 
Allen, Kelli D., Bongiorni, Dennis, Caves, Kevin, Coffman, Cynthia J., Floegel, Theresa A., Greysen, Heather M., Hall, Katherine S., Heiderscheit, Bryan, Hoenig, Helen M., Huffman, Kim M., Morey, Miriam D., Ramasunder, Shalini, Severson, Herbert, Smith, Battista, Van Houtven, Courtney, Woolson, Sandra

Background: Physical therapy (PT) and other exercise-based interventions are core components of care for knee osteoarthritis (OA), but both are underutilized, and some patients have limited access to PT services. This clinical trial is examining a STepped Exercise Program for patients with Knee OsteoArthritis (STEP-KOA). This model of care can help to tailor exercise-based interventions to patient needs and also conserve higher resource services (such as PT) for patients who do not make clinically relevant improvements after receiving less costly interventions.

Methods / design: Step-KOA is a randomized trial of 345 patients with symptomatic knee OA from two Department of Veterans Affairs sites. Participants are randomized to STEP-KOA and Arthritis Education (AE) Control groups with a 2:1 ratio, respectively. STEP-KOA begins with 3 months of access to an internet-based exercise program (Step 1). Participants not meeting response criteria for clinically meaningful improvement in pain and function after Step 1 progress to Step 2, which involves bi-weekly physical activity coaching calls for 3 months. Participants not meeting response criteria after Step 2 progress to in-person PT visits (Step 3). Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 3, 6 and 9 months (primary outcome time point). The primary outcome is the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and secondary outcomes are objective measures of physical function. Linear mixed models will compare outcomes between the STEP-KOA and AE control groups at follow-up. We will also evaluate patient characteristics associated with treatment response and conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of STEP-KOA.

Discussion: STEP-KOA is a novel, efficient and patient-centered approach to delivering exercise-based interventions to patients with knee OA, one of the most prevalent and disabling health conditions. This trial will provide information on the effectiveness of STEP-KOA as a novel potential model of care for treatment of OA.

Keywords 
osteoarthritis Knee osteoarthritis Knee Joint veterans exercise therapy
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